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A series of life-changing events propelled Andrew White to follow in the footsteps of his father, former Gov. Mark White, and launch his own bid for Texas' highest office.

Andrew White (1579 – December 27, 1656) was an EnglishJesuitmissionary who was involved in the founding of the Maryland colony.^[1] He was a chronicler of the early colony, and his writings are a primary source on the land, the Native Americans of the area, and the Jesuit mission in North America. For his efforts in converting and educating the native population, he is frequently referred to as the 'Apostle of Maryland.' He is considered a forefather of Georgetown University, and is memorialized in the name of its White-Gravenor building, a central location of offices and classrooms on the university's campus.^[2]

Early life in Europe[edit]

Born in London in 1579, he began formal education at age 14 at the English College at Douai, France. He entered English College of St. Alban's in Valladolid, Spain, in 1595 at the same time as other notable English Catholic priests, including the later Saint and martyr Thomas Garnet. He sought further education in Seville, and was ordained at Douai in 1605, after which he returned to England.^[3] Caught up in a wave of anti-Catholic arrests following the Gunpowder Plot, he was arrested and in 1606, banished from England. Moving to Leuven in Belgium, he joined the Society of Jesus on February 1, 1607. Despite the threat of capital punishment, White returned in 1609 to preach in Southern England. At the same time, he took positions as prefect of the seminaries at Louvain and Liège, between which and his English missions he split his time.

Sir George Calvert, the first Baron Baltimore (1579-1632), whom White is credited in helping to turn to Catholicism in 1625, wrote to White from his colony on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland after 1628. White's further interest in America is shown a letter from Superior GeneralMutio Vitelleschi in a letter dated March 3, 1629, approving a mission to America. Though Sir George Calvert died in 1632, his eldest son, Cecilius Calvert (1605-1675), inherited the title as second Baron Baltimore, continued the colonization program of his father. Lord Baltimore had wanted White to help found a new colony in the northern Chesapeake Bay which had been chartered by King Charles I on June 20, 1632. White himself wrote of the benefits of converting the native population, and in a document dated February 10, 1633, he specifically advocates Catholic settlement in 'lord Baltimore's Plantation in Mary-land.' He describes to potential financiers a paradisaical land with majestic forests and fruitful soil, advertising 2,000 acres (8 km²) of land for each potential settler.

Apostle of Maryland[edit]

On November 22, 1633, he took Lord Baltimore's offer and set sail from Cowes, England on the Isle of Wight with planned proprietary first Governor of Maryland, Lord Leonard Calvert (1606-1647), (younger brother of Cecilius Calvert (1605-1675), second Lord Baltimore) and fellow Jesuits John Altham Gravenor and Thomas Gervase on The Ark, one of George Calvert's ships, accompanied by The Dove, crossing the North Atlantic Ocean.^[4] After a brief stop further south in Jamestown, Virginia, to consult with colonial authorities there and to resupply, the ships moved north up the Chesapeake Bay, with their landing on March 25, 1634, on St. Clement's Island off the north shore of the Potomac River, slightly upstream from the Chesapeake Bay, marks the birth of the colony of the Province of Maryland. The anniversary of this date is now celebrated annually state-wide as Maryland Day. In erecting a large cross, then celebrating a Catholic Mass of thanksgiving that day, he became the first priest to do so in the original thirteen English colonies.^[5] By July of that year, White had written his first discussion on the new colony, titled A Relation of the Sucessefull Beginnings of the Lord Baltimore's Plantation in Maryland. Sections of this were used to further advertise the colony.

White spent most of the next decade in St. Mary's City, working on English-Native American relations, particularly with the Yaocomico tribe, which consistently saw favorable trade treaties from Calvert because of White, and the Anacostans. In 1637 they were joined by fellow Jesuits Thomas Copley and Ferdinand Poulton, and between 1634 and 1650 there averaged four permanent Jesuits in the Maryland Provincial Colony.^[6] To further his missionary work, he wrote dictionaries and translated the catechism into the native languages. On July 5, 1640, he famously converted Chitomachon, the chief of the Piscataway Indians, to Christianity. The chief was baptized as Charles. He later baptized a princess of the Patuxent Indians, and much of her tribe.

In 1933, the architect and writer Christopher La Farge, for the upcoming Tricentenary, 300th Anniversary of the founding of Maryland, designed a monument to Father White that is located just outside St. Mary's City.^[7]

Return to England[edit]

The English Civil War (1642-1651), was to cut short his missionary work. In 1644, Richard Ingle and Puritan colonists from the neighboring Virginia colony of Jamestown, which had previously rebuffed George Calvert's visit, first raided the colonial capital at St. Mary's City. Ingle succeeded in burning the town and, with the aid of William Claiborne, (who earlier operated a trading post on Kent Island in the Chesapeake), in controlling the Province of Maryland colony. White was again arrested for his 'evil' preaching, and in 1645 he was sent with Thomas Copley in chains to London. Once there, he was tried for the crime of returning to England after being banished in 1606, which carried the punishment of death. He escaped this fate by arguing that his return was not of his own will. His petitions to return to Maryland denied, he spent the last decade of his life quietly in England until his death on December 27, 1656.

Works[edit]

• A Declaration of the Lord Baltimore's Plantation in Mary-land, nigh upon Virginia: manifesting the Nature, Quality, Condition and rich Utilities it contayneth. London 1633. Facsimile ed. by Lawrence C. Wroth, Baltimore 1929.
  • Declaratio Coloniae Domini Baronis de Baltamoro in Terra Mariae prope Virginiam. qua ingenium, natura et conditio Regionis, et Multiplices Ejus Utilitates Ac Divitiae Describuntur. Compiled in Woodstock Letters 1, Bethesda 1872.
• A Relation of the Sucessefull Beginnings of the Lord Baltimore's Plantation in Maryland. Being an extract of certaine Letters written from thence, by some of the Aduenturers, to their friends in England. To which is added, The Conditions of plantation propounded by his Lordship for the second voyage intended this present yeere, 1634. London 1634. Incomplete reproduction in John D.G. Shea: Early Southern Tracts 1, New York 1965. The original manuscript version (specified as the Lechford version) first printed in The Calvert Papers, volume 3, Maryland Historical Society Fund Publications 28, 34 - 35, Baltimore 1899.
• A Relation of Maryland. London 1635.
• Objections Answered Touching Maryland. In: A Moderate and Safe Expedient to Remove Jealousies and Feares, of Any Danger, or Prejudice to This State, by the Roman Catholicks of This Kingdome, and to Mitigate the Censure of Too Much Severity towards Them, with a Great Advantage of Honour and Profit to This State and Nation. London (?) 1646.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 'Andrew White' . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2. ^Cho, Ah-Hyun (2005-11-08). 'Buildings Pay Homage to GU's Most Famous Founders, Donors'. The Hoya. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
3. ^'Father Andrew White'. St. Mary's City History. 2007-01-19. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-07-09.
4. ^Nevils, William Coleman (1934). Miniatures of Georgetown: Tercentennial Causeries. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 1–25. OCLC8224468.
5. ^The first Christian mass of any denomination said in what became the United States was celebrated in St. Augustine, Florida, on 1565-09-08.
6. ^Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 'Maryland' . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
7. ^LaFarge, John, S.J. The Manner Is Ordinary. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1954, pp. 217-18.

External links[edit]

Andrew Paul Bartholomew White (born June 1964) was the vicar of St George's Church, Baghdad, the only Anglican church in Iraq, until his departure, ordered in November 2014 by the Archbishop of Canterbury due to security concerns. Known as the 'Vicar of Baghdad', White is former president of the Foundation for Relief and Reconciliation in the Middle East.^[1] He was previously Director of International Ministry at the International Centre for Reconciliation at Coventry Cathedral, England. He qualified and worked as an operating department practitioner prior to becoming ordained.

• 3Director of International Ministry

Early life[edit]

White grew up in Bexley, in the suburbs of south-east London in Kent. His family background was a religious mix of strict Baptist and Pentecostal. As a youngster he was very involved in Church life and regularly visited an elderly house-bound woman. During this time he became inspired by the compassion of an Anglican priest who visited her to give her communion.

Education and call to the priesthood[edit]

White studied anaesthetics and surgery at St Thomas' Hospital, London, and qualified as an operating department practitioner in 1985.^[2] He gained his first doctorate in an area of gynaecology and worked in anaesthetics and was a member of the cardiac arrest team.^[2] He spent a short time in Derby and became an active member of the Elim Pentecostal church there. One day he realised that he had done everything he had set out to achieve and asked himself, 'what next?'. He decided to move from medicine to theology with the intent of becoming ordained. He gained two further doctorates in theology, one from the University of Cambridge on 'the role of Israel in Christian Theology' before training for the priesthood at Ridley Hall, Cambridge, where he decided to learn about Judaism and Islam.^[2] His third doctorate was gained at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and was in Judaism. White was ordained in 1990,^[3] and became a curate at St Mark's, Battersea Rise in the Diocese of Southwark. During his time at Southwark White had his first appearance on TV when was interviewed on the street by a member of the That's Life! team. Not long after marriage, he became a vicar of the Church of the Ascension, Balham Hill in the same diocese. In 1997 – his final year as vicar of the Church of the Ascension – he was a Wandsworth Borough Councillor and served as Deputy Chairman of Social Services.

Director of International Ministry[edit]

In 1998, at the age of 33 years, White was appointed a canon at Coventry Cathedral. He became the Director of International Ministry there, heading up the International Centre for Reconciliation, promoting reconciliation in conflicts (mainly religious) across the globe. He was sent by the Archbishop as the political envoy to the Middle East after the return of Terry Waite.

Canon White played a key role in the Bethlehem Siege, finding methods of conflict resolution to the hostage situation at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem in 2002.He concentrated on the Middle East, because he thought that the church needed to be involved there and knew that this was where he would serve. He remained in this post until 2005, when he moved to Baghdad to become Anglican Chaplain to Iraq.^[4]

Mediation[edit]

Father Andrew White Casino Night Tickets

Canon White mediated in the release of the late Jaweed Al-Ghussein elected Chairman of the Palestine National fund and CEO of Cordoba Group.Al-Ghussein, a strong and vocal advocate of the rule of law, was kidnapped from Abu Dhabi with the compliance of Sheik Hamadan Bin Zayed and Sheik Seif Bin Zayed. Al-Ghussein's abductions were the subject of a UN determination that placed his case in category 1, the highest and appointed a rapporteur on Special Torture. Denied access to the Red Cross in Gaza, Canon White was able to visit him and eventually through his position as Special Envoy mediated Jaweed Al-Ghussein's release back to the UK.^[5][6][7]

'Vicar of Baghdad'[edit]

In Iraq, Canon White lived in Baghdad until November 2014, serving as the vicar of St George's Church just outside the Green Zone.^[4] He formerly lived in the Green Zone. He has been dubbed 'Vicar of Baghdad', because his church is the only remaining Anglican church in Iraq. His people (the congregation of St George's) refer to him as their 'Abouna' (Father).^[4] Here, he has continued the reconciliation that he promoted during his time as Director of International Ministry at Coventry Cathedral. The Foundation for Relief and Reconciliation in the Middle East was established in 2005 as part of his reconciliation work in Iraq and the Middle East as a whole.

Canon White's main aim has been to try to maintain communication between Shia and Sunni leaders, and to 'gain trust of key religious leaders on both sides in various conflict areas'.^[8] He sees his role as trying to mediate and re-establish the dialogue between conflicting groups.

In November 2014 the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, ordered his departure due to the increased security risks and the Church of England's no hostage policy. White was aware of the fear that the Iraqi people had of Saddam Hussein's regime, and he often talks of how he supported the invasion of Iraq, but had not foreseen the horrific aftermath.

Canon White has stated that his work is unique largely because of the long-term relationships he has in the Middle East and his religion. Through his work he has become unaccustomed to a normal civilian life, and has said that he would find life in London 'boring'.^[2]

In 2014, Canon White's daily efforts and challenges were documented by Vice Media as part of a three part series named 'The Vicar Of Baghdad'.^[9] Also during 2014 Canon White was voted UK's top Christian of the year on the 'Cranmer list'^[10] Canon White continues to maintain his popularity as a major global trans-denominational voice on peace and reconciliation and the persecuted church. He is a regular voice on national and international radio and TV and continues to travel globally in order to speak at churches across the world, engage in national and international public speaking and academic lecturing, and to fulfil his pastoral duties to his displaced Iraqi congregation, many of which currently reside in Jordan. Canon White has also has his own regular weekly series with TBN UK who have recently created documentary on his life called 'Christianity Under Fire'.

Previous appointments[edit]

• Special Envoy to the Middle East – for the Archbishop of Canterbury, The Most Revd. and Rt. Hon. George Carey
• Director of International Ministry and Canon Residentiary – International Centre for Reconciliation, Coventry Cathedral
• Vicar of St George's Church, Baghdad, Iraq
• Eric Lane Fellow (Easter Term 2003) – Clare College, Cambridge

Current appointments[edit]

• Emeritus Vicar of St George's Church, Baghdad, Iraq
• Harvard Fellow

Selected publications[edit]

• 'Iraq: People of Promise, Land of Despair' (2003)
• 'Iraq: Searching for Hope' (2005)
• 'By The Rivers of Babylon' (2008)
• 'The Vicar of Baghdad' (2009)
• 'Suffer the Children' (2010)
• 'Faith Under Fire' (2011)
• 'Father, Forgive' (2013)
• 'The Older Younger Brother, The Tragic Treatment of the Jews by the Christians' (2014)
• My Story So Far (2015)
• A Year with Andrew White (2019)

Awards[edit]

• Liverpool Hope University Hon DD 2017
• Wycliffe College, University of Toronto Hon DD
• The Anne Frank Award (2014)
• The William Wilberforce Award (2014)
• The Sternberg International Council of Christians and Jews Prize (jointly with Lord Coggan) (1991)
• Anglo-Israel Association Prize (2001)
• Sir Sigmund Sternberg Inter-Faith Prize (2003)
• Interfaith Award, British Government (2003)
• Peacemaker in Action Award, The Tanenbaum Center for Interreligious Understanding, United States (2005)
• US Cross of Valor (2006)
• The Woolf Institute of Abrahamic Faiths, Cambridge, Peace Prize (2007)
• Iraq Peace Prize 2010
• The International Civil Courage Prize (2010)
• Honorary Phd University of Gloucestershire (2010)
• Knight Grand Cross and Spiritual Protector of the Order of St George (2011)
• Grand Commander of the Order of Merit of the Knights Templar International (2003).^[11]
• Companion of Honour of the Knights Templar International OSMTH/SMOTJ (2002).^[12]
• True Freedom Prize of the USA 2012
• 2012 Ultimate Christian Library Book Award for ‘Faith Under Fire'

White was awarded the Anglo-Israel Association Prize for his contribution to furthering understanding between the British and Israeli nations. He was awarded the Sternberg Inter-Faith Prize for his work in promoting good relations between Judaism, Islam and Christianity.

Styles[edit]

Father Andrew White

• Mr Andrew White (1964–1990)
• The Revd Dr Andrew White (1990–1998)
• The Revd Dr Canon Andrew White (1998–present)

References[edit]

1. ^Foundation for Relief and Reconciliation in the Middle East official Website
2. ^ ^abcd'The Choice featuring Andrew White'. The Choice. 2 September 2008. BBC. BBC Radio 4.
3. ^'Onward, Christian soldier', The Telegraph's interview of Canon White, 14 June 2005
4. ^ ^abc'The Vicar of Baghdad' (A documentary by Rageh Omaar). Mentorn & Al Jazeera. First screened 25 May 2008 on ITV1. Available online here [1]
5. ^'E/CN.4/2003/68/Add.1 of 27 February 2003'. Unispal.un.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
6. ^'Jaweed al-Ghussein'. London: Telegraph. 2 July 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
7. ^Sandra Harris (11 July 2008). 'Obituary: Jaweed al-Ghussein | World news'. London: The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
8. ^Profile: Canon Andrew White, BBC News
9. ^'The Vicar of Baghdad'. Vice Media, Inc. 8 July 2014.
10. ^Archbishopcranmer.com
11. ^https://newsociety07.wordpress.com/2008/07/09/canon-andrew-white-the-vicar-of-baghdad/
12. ^http://zaidpub.com/2014/09/12/on-the-problem-of-christians-freemasons-and-the-present-hour-by-dr-omar/

External links[edit]

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